stem damage

Tree- and stand-scale factors shape the probability of wind damage to birch in hemiboreal forests

Strong wind is the major natural disturbance in European forests, that periodically causes tremendous damages to forestry. Yet, factors that affect the probability of wind damage for birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.), the most common …

Stem Damage Modifies the Impact of Wind on Norway Spruces

Bark stripping caused by cervids can have a long-lasting negative effect on tree vitality. Such trees of low vitality might be more susceptible to other disturbances. The amplifying effects of disturbance interactions can cause significantly more …